Disease is one subset of health, but all health topics can be linked to diplomatic efforts. "Health Diplomacy" tends to refer to diplomatic efforts to enact international health measures, which could include examples of such efforts leading to non-health diplomatic outcomes.
Aginam, O. 2003. "The Nineteenth Century Colonial Fingerprints on Public Health Diplomacy: A Postcolonial View". Law, Social Justice and Global Development, vol. 1, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2003_1/aginam
Ansari, N. 2013. "Global-health diplomacy: the social determinants perspective of health approach and the future global policy agenda". College of Arts & Sciences Senior Honors Theses, Paper 4. University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Araya, N. and J.S. Barbara. 2008. Peace through health: How health professionals can work for a less violent world. Kumarian Press, Sterling, Virginia, U.S.A.
Barbara, J.S. and G. MacQueen. 2004. "Peace Through Health: Key Concepts". Lancet, vol. 364, 24 July, pp. 384-386.
Cahill, K.M. 1997. "Health and foreign policy: an American view". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 735-41.
From the abstract: "Emphasising health issues can offer an innovative approach to the resolution of apparently intractable problems. Identifying the common concerns, of even the most bitter enemies, can provide an initial basis for dialogue and lead to diplomatic initiatives."
Casscells, S.W. and E. Noji. 2005 (1 December). "Avian Influenza and SARS - Global Challenges for Health Diplomacy". Discussion at Baker Hall, Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A., sponsored by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy.
CDC. c. 2000. National Program on the Communicable Disease Control. CDC (Center for Disease Control), Taiwan
From this document (Part 4, Four-year outlook): "Internationalization: To aggressively promote an epidemic prevention diplomacy by actively participating global epidemic prevention-related organizations and conferences for securing various global cooperation and exchange venues by which foreign epidemic prevention experience may be absorbed for improving local epidemic prevention efficiency."
CDC. 2005 (27 October). Health Protection Goals. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
From this document (p. 3): "Healthy People in a Healthy World--People around the world will live safer, healthier and longer lives through health promotion, health protection, and health diplomacy...“Health Diplomacy”: CDC and the United States Government will be a trusted and effective resource for health development and health protection around the globe (e.g., collaboration on
pandemic influenza planning with World Health Organization and health officials in other governments)."
Chang, C.F. 2002. "Disease and Its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613-1795)". Journal of the History of Medicine, vol. 57, April, pp. 177-197.
de Paula, N. 2021. "Planetary health diplomacy: a call to action". Lancet Planetary Health, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. E8-E9.
Feldbaum, H., K. Lee, and J. Michaud. 2010. "Global Health and Foreign Policy". Epidemiologic Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 82-92.
Fidler, D.P. 2001. "The globalization of public health: the first
100 years of international health diplomacy". Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 842-849.
Health as a Bridge for Peace (HBP) run by the World Health Organization (WHO). The programme aims "to strengthen the returns of the health sector investments in areas affected by conflict or undergoing a post conflict transition. These returns cover a vast array of objectives going from the reduction of social violence to actual peace making." See also:
Galtung, J. 1997. Health as a Bridge for Peace in the Context of Humanitarian Action in Complex Emergency Situations. Prepared for the Division of Emergency and Humanitarian Action, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Health of Border Populations run by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). A 9 September 2003 press release states:
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has developed special programs for border populations, helping create healthy spaces in poor areas often left behind in of their countries’ social agendas.
"The border populations historically have been the most neglected," said Dr. Mirta Roses Periago, director of PAHO.
While economic problems are being addressed by identifying economic development districts in border areas, border cities are often left behind with respect to health issues. They have less basic infrastructure than other cities and less access to health services.
In some cases, border areas also have higher rates of diseases such as hepatitis A, tuberculosis or diabetes than the national averages.
"These cities form a third space; they have their own identity, apart from the national identity. Even though in many cases there are enormous cultural and language differences, there is a border identity that should be respected. At the same time we can take this opportunity to create healthy spaces and bi-national or tri-national health plans," she said.
[...]
One very good example is the sanitation work carried out in the Zarumillas canal, on the border between Peru and Ecuador, which contributed to peace between the two countries," Roses recalled.
The work is broad. "Previously, the border was considered the gate of entry for diseases, the vulnerable point for health risks. Now, we know that viruses enter through airports," Roses said.
To improve health in border cities, PAHO works on several fronts:
- Reduce stigmatization through joint efforts
- Develop health promotion programs
- Promote the development of service networks
- Achieve continuity and consistency of epidemiological surveillance and treatment in sister cities, especially for communicable diseases as tuberculosis or AIDS
An example of PAHO-supported joint effort was the first Vaccination Week in the Americas last June, when health professionals and communities participated in immunization days along 10 borders in more than 20 cities.
PAHO is also working on new cooperation strategies and public and private partnerships to develop regional capacities and promote healthy spaces on the border between Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, as well as the borders between Guatemala, Belize and Mexico; between Costa Rica and Nicaragua; and in the border cities of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Since 1942, with the creation of its U.S.-Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso, Texas, PAHO has been working to improve health conditions in the 10 states that share the border between the United States and Mexico.
Iglehart, J.K. 2004. "Advocating For Medical Diplomacy: A Conversation With Tommy G. Thompson". Health Affairs (Web Exclusive), 4 May, pp. W4-262-W4-268.
Kassalow, J.S. 2001. Why Health is Important to U.S. Foreign Policy. Council on Foreign Relations, 19 April, New York and Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Kassalow, J.S. and D.M. Fox. 2001. "Making Health a Priority for US Foreign Policy". World Health News, 26 October.
Katz, R., S. Kornblet, G. Arnold, and E. Lief, and J.E. Fischer. 2011. "Defining Health Diplomacy: Changing Demands in the Era of Globalization". The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 503-523.
Kelly, C. 2015 (January 16). Global Health Diplomacy: Cuba's Soft Power Foreign Policy. Master's dissertation for an M.A. International Relations, International Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands as part of the Cuba case study.
Kevany, S. 2014. "Global Health Diplomacy, 'Smart Power', and the New World Order". Global Public Health, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 787-807.
Lee, K. and R. Smith. 2011. "What is ‘Global Health Diplomacy’? A Conceptual Review". Global Health Governance, vol. V, no. I, online.
Licina, D. 2011. "Disaster Preparedness--Formalizing a Comparative Advantage for the Department of Defense in U.S. Global Health and Foreign Policy". Military Medicine, vol. 176, no. 11, pp. 1207-1211.
Licina, D. 2013. "Hospital ships adrift? Part 1: A systematic literature review characterizing US navy hospital ship humanitarian and disaster response, 2004-2012". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 230-238.
Licina, D. 2013. Rendering Mercy in Timor-Leste: The Role of U.S. Navy Hospital Ships in Strengthening Partnerships. PhD dissertation at The Faculty of School of Public Health and Health Services of The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Licina, D., S. Mookherji, G. Migliaccio, and C. Ringer. 2013. "Hospital ships adrift? Part 2: The role of U.S. Navy hospital ship humanitarian assistance missions in building partnerships". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 592-604.
MacQueen, G. and J. SantaBarbara. 2000. "Conflict and health: Peace building through health initiatives". BMJ, vol. 321, no. 7256, pp. 293-296.
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, France, Indonesia, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, and Thailand. 2007 (April 21). "Oslo Ministerial Declaration--global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time". The Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9570, pp. 1373-1378.
North Korea case study.
Novotny T.E. 2006. "US Department of Health and Human Services: A Need for Global Health Leadership in Preparedness and Health Diplomacy". American Journal of Public Health, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 11-13.
Pedersen, J. 2009. Health and Conflict: A review of the links. Fafo-report 2009:2. FAFO, Oslo, Norway.
Ratzen, S.C. 2005. "Beyond the 2004 Tsunami: Health Diplomacy as a Response". Journal of Health Communication, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 197-198.
Rhinard, M. 2009. "European Cooperation on Future Crises: Toward a Public Good?". Review of Policy Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 439-455.
Skinner, H., Z. Abdeen, H. Abdeen, P. Aber, M. Al-Masri, J. Attias, K.B. Avraham, R. Carmi, C. Chalin, Z. El Nasser, M. Hijazi, R.O. Jebara, M. Kanaan, H. Pratt, F. Raad, Y. Roth, A.P. Williams, and A. Noyek. 2005. Promoting Arab and Israeli cooperation: Peacebuilding through health initiatives. The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9466, pp. 1274-1277.
Smith III, F.L. 2014. "Advancing science diplomacy: Indonesia and the US Naval Medical Research Unit". Social Studies of Science, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 825-847.
Taylor, A.L. and I.S. Dhillon. 2011. "The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel: The Evolution of Global Health Diplomacy". Global Health Governance, vol. V, no. I, online.
Thompson, D. 2005. "China’s Soft Power In Africa: From The “Beijing Consensus” To Health Diplomacy". China Brief, vol. V, issue 21 (13 October), pp. 1-4.
Vass, A. 2001. "Peace Through Health: Medical Students Have a Part to Play". Student BMJ, vol. 9, pp. 444-445.
Vass, A. 2001. "Peace through health: This new movement needs evidence, not just ideology". BMJ, vol. 323, no. 7320, p. 1020.